SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>3D computer graphics</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">3D computer graphics</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the academic discipline, see <a href="Computer_graphics_(computer_science)" title="Computer graphics (computer science)">Computer graphics (computer science)</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="Computer_graphics_workstation" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer graphics workstation">Computer graphics workstation</a>.</div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

Fundamentals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="3D_modeling" title="3D modeling">Modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="3D_scanning" title="3D scanning">Scanning</a></li>

<li><a href="3D_rendering" title="3D rendering">Rendering</a></li>

<li><a href="3D_printing" title="3D printing">Printing</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

Primary uses</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="3D_model" class="mw-redirect" title="3D model">3D models</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">Computer-aided design</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_game" title="Video game">Video games</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">Visual effects</a></li>

<li><a href="Visualization_(graphic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Visualization (graphic)">Visualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_engineering" title="Virtual engineering">Virtual engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_cinematography" title="Virtual cinematography">Virtual cinematography</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">Computer-generated imagery <span style="font-size: 85%;">(CGI)</span></a></li>

<li><a href="Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">computer</a></li>

<li><a href="Skeletal_animation" title="Skeletal animation">skeletal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="3D_display" title="3D display">3D display</a></li>

<li><a href="Wire-frame_model" title="Wire-frame model">Wire-frame model</a></li>

<li><a href="Texture_mapping" title="Texture mapping">Texture mapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Motion_capture" title="Motion capture">Motion capture</a></li>

<li><a href="Crowd_simulation" title="Crowd simulation">Crowd simulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_illumination" title="Global illumination">Global illumination</a></li>

<li><a href="Volume_rendering" title="Volume rendering">Volume rendering</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>3D computer graphics</b>, sometimes called <a href="Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">CGI</a>, <b>3D-CGI</b> or <b>three-dimensional <a href="Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">computer graphics</a></b>, are graphics that use a <a href="Three-dimensional" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-dimensional">three-dimensional</a> representation of geometric data (often <a href="Cartesian_coordinate_system#Cartesian_coordinates_in_three_dimensions" title="Cartesian coordinate system">Cartesian</a>) stored in the computer for the purposes of performing calculations and rendering <a href="Digital_image" title="Digital image">digital images</a>, usually <a href="2D_image" class="mw-redirect" title="2D image">2D images</a> but sometimes <a href="3D_image" class="mw-redirect" title="3D image">3D images</a>. The resulting images may be stored for viewing later (possibly as an <a href="Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">animation</a>) or displayed in <a href="Real-time_computer_graphics" title="Real-time computer graphics">real time</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Foley_2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foley_2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>3D computer graphics, contrary to what the name suggests, are most often displayed on two-dimensional displays. Unlike <a href="3D_film" title="3D film">3D film</a> and similar techniques, the result is two-dimensional, without visual <a href="Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">depth</a>. More often, 3D graphics are being displayed on <a href="3D_display" title="3D display">3D displays</a>, like in <a href="Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a> systems.

</p><p>3D graphics stand in contrast to <a href="2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D computer graphics</a> which typically use completely different methods and formats for creation and rendering.

</p><p>3D computer graphics rely on many of the same <a href="Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> as 2D computer <a href="Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">vector graphics</a> in the <a href="Wire-frame_model" title="Wire-frame model">wire-frame model</a> and 2D computer <a href="Raster_graphics" title="Raster graphics">raster graphics</a> in the final rendered display. In computer graphics software, 2D applications may use 3D techniques to achieve effects such as <a href="Computer_graphics_lighting" title="Computer graphics lighting">lighting</a>, and similarly, 3D may use some 2D rendering techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-Foley_2013_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foley_2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The objects in 3D computer graphics are often referred to as <a href="3D_modeling" title="3D modeling">3D models</a>. Unlike the rendered image, a model's data is contained within a graphical data file. A 3D model is a <a href="Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematical</a> <a href="Representation_(mathematics)" title="Representation (mathematics)">representation</a> of <i>any</i> <a href="Three-dimensional_space" title="Three-dimensional space">three-dimensional</a> object; a model is not technically a <i>graphic</i> until it is displayed. A model can be displayed visually as a two-dimensional image through a process called <a href="3D_rendering" title="3D rendering">3D rendering</a>, or it can be used in non-graphical <a href="Computer_simulation" title="Computer simulation">computer simulations</a> and calculations. With <a href="3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a>, models are rendered into an actual 3D physical representation of themselves, with some limitations as to how accurately the physical model can match the virtual model.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="History_of_computer_animation" title="History of computer animation">History of computer animation</a></div>

<p><a href="William_Fetter" title="William Fetter">William Fetter</a> was credited with coining the term <i>computer graphics</i> in 1961<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to describe his work at <a href="Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>. An early example of interactive 3-D computer graphics was explored in 1963 by the <a href="Sketchpad" title="Sketchpad">Sketchpad</a> program at <a href="MIT_Lincoln_Laboratory" title="MIT Lincoln Laboratory">Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Lincoln Laboratory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first displays of computer animation was <i><a href="Futureworld" title="Futureworld">Futureworld</a></i> (1976), which included an <a href="Animation" title="Animation">animation</a> of a human face and a hand that had originally appeared in the 1971 experimental short <i><a href="A_Computer_Animated_Hand" title="A Computer Animated Hand">A Computer Animated Hand</a></i>, created by <a href="University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">University of Utah</a> students <a href="Edwin_Catmull" title="Edwin Catmull">Edwin Catmull</a> and <a href="Fred_Parke" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Parke">Fred Parke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sltrib_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sltrib-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="3-D_computer_graphics_software" class="mw-redirect" title="3-D computer graphics software">3-D computer graphics software</a> began appearing for <a href="Home_computer" title="Home computer">home computers</a> in the late 1970s. The earliest known example is <i>3D Art Graphics</i>, a set of 3-D computer graphics effects, written by Kazumasa Mitazawa and released in June 1978 for the <a href="Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual Reality 3D</a> is a version of 3D computer graphics.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the first headset coming out in the late 1950s, the popularity of VR didn't take off until the 2000s. In 2012 the <a href="Oculus_Rift" title="Oculus Rift">Oculus</a> was released and since then, the 3D VR headset world has expanded.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>

<p>3D computer graphics production workflow falls into three basic phases:

</p>

<ol><li><a href="3D_modeling" title="3D modeling">3D modeling</a> – the process of forming a computer model of an object's shape</li>

<li>Layout and <a href="Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">CGI animation</a> – the placement and movement of objects (models, lights etc.) within a scene</li>

<li><a href="3D_rendering" title="3D rendering">3D rendering</a> – the computer calculations that, based on light placement, <a href="Computer_representation_of_surfaces" title="Computer representation of surfaces">surface</a> types, and other qualities, generate (rasterize the scene into) an image</li></ol>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modeling">Modeling</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="3D_modeling" title="3D modeling">3D modeling</a></div>

<p>The modeling describes the process of forming the shape of an object. The two most common sources of 3D models are those that an artist or engineer originates on a computer with a <a href="3D_modeling_tool" class="mw-redirect" title="3D modeling tool">3D modeling tool</a>, or models <a href="3-D_scanning" class="mw-redirect" title="3-D scanning">scanned</a> into a <a href="Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> from real-world objects (Polygonal Modeling, Patch Modeling and NURBS Modeling are some popular tools used in 3D modeling). Models can also be produced <a href="Procedural_modeling" title="Procedural modeling">procedurally</a> or via <a href="Physical_simulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical simulation">physical simulation</a>.

</p><p>Basically, a 3D model is formed from points called vertices that define the shape and form <a href="Polygon_(computer_graphics)" title="Polygon (computer graphics)">polygons</a>. A polygon is an area formed from at least three vertices (a triangle). A polygon of n points is an n-gon.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overall integrity of the model and its suitability to use in animation depend on the structure of the polygons.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Layout_and_animation">Layout and animation</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer animation</a></div>

<p>Before rendering into an image, objects must be laid out in a <a href="3D_scene" class="mw-redirect" title="3D scene">3D scene</a>. This defines spatial relationships between objects, including <a href="Location_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Location (geography)">location</a> and <a href="Dimension" title="Dimension">size</a>. Animation refers to the temporal description of an object (i.e., how it moves and deforms over time. Popular methods include <a href="Keyframing" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyframing">keyframing</a>, <a href="Inverse_kinematics" title="Inverse kinematics">inverse kinematics</a>, and <a href="Motion-capture" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion-capture">motion-capture</a>). These techniques are often used in combination. As with animation, <a href="Physical_simulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical simulation">physical simulation</a> also specifies motion.

</p><p><a href="Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop Motion</a> has multiple categories within such as <a href="Claymation" title="Claymation">Claymation</a>, <a href="Cutout_animation" title="Cutout animation">Cutout</a>, <a href="Silhouette_animation" title="Silhouette animation">Silhouette</a>, <a href="Lego_stop_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Lego stop motion">Lego</a>, <a href="Puppet_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet animation">Puppets</a>, and <a href="Pixelation" title="Pixelation">Pixelation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Claymation" title="Claymation">Claymation</a> is the use of models made of clay used for an animation. Some examples are <a href="ClayFighter" title="ClayFighter">Clay Fighter</a> and <a href="Clay_Jam" title="Clay Jam">Clay Jam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Lego_stop_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Lego stop motion">Lego</a> animation is one of the more common types of stop motion. Lego stop motion is the use of the figures themselves moving around. Some examples of this are <a href="Lego_Island" title="Lego Island">Lego Island</a> and <a href="Lego_Harry_Potter" title="Lego Harry Potter">Lego Harry Potter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Materials_and_textures">Materials and textures</h3></div>

<p>Materials and textures are properties that the render engine uses to render the model. One can give the model materials to tell the render engine how to treat light when it hits the surface. Textures are used to give the material color using a color or albedo map, or give the surface features using a <a href="Bump_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Bump map">bump map</a> or <a href="Normal_mapping" title="Normal mapping">normal map</a>. It can be also used to deform the model itself using a <a href="Displacement_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Displacement map">displacement map</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rendering">Rendering</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="3D_rendering" title="3D rendering">3D rendering</a></div>

<p><a href="Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">Rendering</a> converts a model into an image either by simulating <a href="Light_transport_theory" title="Light transport theory">light transport</a> to get photo-realistic images, or by applying an art style as in <a href="Non-photorealistic_rendering" title="Non-photorealistic rendering">non-photorealistic rendering</a>. The two basic operations in realistic rendering are transport (how much light gets from one place to another) and scattering (how surfaces interact with light). This step is usually performed using 3-D computer graphics software or a <a href="List_of_3D_graphics_APIs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of 3D graphics APIs">3-D graphics API</a>.

</p><p>Altering the scene into a suitable form for rendering also involves <a href="3D_projection" title="3D projection">3D projection</a>, which displays a three-dimensional image in two dimensions. Although 3-D modeling and CAD <a href="Software" title="Software">software</a> may perform 3-D rendering as well (e.g., <a href="Autodesk_3ds_Max" title="Autodesk 3ds Max">Autodesk 3ds Max</a> or <a href="Blender_(software)" title="Blender (software)">Blender</a>), exclusive 3-D rendering software also exists (e.g., OTOY's <a href="Octane_Render" title="Octane Render">Octane Rendering Engine</a>, Maxon's Redshift)

</p>

<li class="gallerycaption">Examples of 3-D rendering</li>

<div class="gallerytext">A 3-D rendering with <a href="Ray_tracing_(graphics)" title="Ray tracing (graphics)">ray tracing</a> and <a href="Ambient_occlusion" title="Ambient occlusion">ambient occlusion</a> using <a href="Blender_(software)" title="Blender (software)">Blender</a> and YafaRay</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">A 3-D model of a <a href="Dunkerque-class_battleship" title="Dunkerque-class battleship"><i>Dunkerque</i>-class battleship</a> rendered with <a href="Flat_shading" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat shading">flat shading</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">During the 3-D rendering step, the number of reflections "light rays" can take, as well as various other attributes, can be tailored to achieve a desired visual effect. Rendered with <a href="Cobalt_(CAD_program)" title="Cobalt (CAD program)">Cobalt</a>.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">A 3-D rendering of a penthouse</div>

</li>

</ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software">Software</h2></div>

<p>3-D computer graphics software produces <a href="Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">computer-generated imagery</a> (CGI) through <a href="3D_modeling" title="3D modeling">3D modeling</a> and <a href="3D_rendering" title="3D rendering">3D rendering</a> or produces 3-D models for analytical, scientific and industrial purposes.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="File_formats">File formats</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="List_of_file_formats" title="List of file formats">List of file formats</a></div>

<p>There are many varieties of files supporting 3-D graphics, for example, Blender (.blend), Wavefront (.obj), .fbx and .x DirectX files. Each file type generally tends to have its own unique data structure.

</p><p>Each file format can be accessed through their respective applications, such as DirectX files, and <a href="Id_Tech_3" title="Id Tech 3">Quake</a>. Alternatively, files can be accessed through third-party standalone programs, or via manual decompilation.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modeling_2">Modeling</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="3D_modeling" title="3D modeling">3D modeling</a></div>

<p>3-D modeling software is a class of 3-D computer graphics software used to produce 3-D models. Individual <a href="Computer_program" title="Computer program">programs</a> of this class are called modeling applications or modelers.

</p><p>3-D modeling starts by describing 3 display models: Drawing Points, Drawing Lines and Drawing triangles and other Polygonal patches.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>3-D modelers allow users to create and alter models via their 3-D <a href="Polygon_mesh" title="Polygon mesh">mesh</a>. Users can add, subtract, stretch and otherwise change the mesh to their desire. Models can be viewed from a variety of angles, usually simultaneously. Models can be rotated and the view can be zoomed in and out.

</p><p>3-D modelers can export their models to <a href="Computer_file" title="Computer file">files</a>, which can then be imported into other applications as long as the <a href="Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> are compatible. Many modelers allow <a href="Importer_(computing)" title="Importer (computing)">importers</a> and <a href="Exporter_(computing)" title="Exporter (computing)">exporters</a> to be <a href="Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">plugged-in</a>, so they can read and write data in the native formats of other applications.

</p><p>Most 3-D modelers contain a number of related features, such as <a href="Ray_tracing_(graphics)" title="Ray tracing (graphics)">ray tracers</a> and other rendering alternatives and <a href="Texture_mapping" title="Texture mapping">texture mapping</a> facilities. Some also contain features that support or allow animation of models. Some may be able to generate <a href="Full-motion_video" title="Full-motion video">full-motion video</a> of a series of rendered scenes (i.e. <a href="Animation" title="Animation">animation</a>).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer-aided_design_(CAD)">Computer-aided design (CAD)</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">Computer-aided design</a></div>

<p>Computer aided design software may employ the same fundamental 3-D modeling techniques that 3-D modeling software use but their goal differs. They are used in <a href="Computer-aided_engineering" title="Computer-aided engineering">computer-aided engineering</a>, <a href="Computer-aided_manufacturing" title="Computer-aided manufacturing">computer-aided manufacturing</a>, <a href="Finite_element_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Finite element analysis">Finite element analysis</a>, <a href="Product_lifecycle_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Product lifecycle management">product lifecycle management</a>, <a href="3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a> and <a href="Computer-aided_architectural_design" title="Computer-aided architectural design">computer-aided architectural design</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complementary_tools">Complementary tools</h3></div>

<p>After producing a video, studios then <a href="Film_editing" title="Film editing">edit</a> or <a href="Compositing" title="Compositing">composite</a> the video using programs such as <a href="Adobe_Premiere_Pro" title="Adobe Premiere Pro">Adobe Premiere Pro</a> or <a href="Final_Cut_Pro" title="Final Cut Pro">Final Cut Pro</a> at the mid-level, or Autodesk Combustion, <a href="Digital_Fusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Fusion">Digital Fusion</a>, <a href="Shake_(software)" title="Shake (software)">Shake</a> at the high-end. <a href="Match_moving" title="Match moving">Match moving</a> software is commonly used to match live video with computer-generated video, keeping the two in sync as the camera moves.

</p><p>Use of real-time computer graphics engines to create a cinematic production is called <a href="Machinima" title="Machinima">machinima</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_types_of_3D_appearance">Other types of 3D appearance</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photorealistic_2D_graphics">Photorealistic 2D graphics</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Still_life#21st_century" title="Still life">Still life § 21st century</a></div>

<p>Not all computer graphics that appear 3D are based on a <a href="Wireframe_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireframe model">wireframe model</a>. 2D computer graphics with 3D <a href="Photorealistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photorealistic">photorealistic</a> effects are often achieved without wire-frame modeling and are sometimes indistinguishable in the final form. Some <a href="Graphic_art_software" title="Graphic art software">graphic art software</a> includes filters that can be applied to 2D vector graphics or 2D raster graphics on transparent layers. <a href="Visual_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual art">Visual artists</a> may also copy or visualize 3D effects and <a href="Artistic_rendering" class="mw-redirect" title="Artistic rendering">manually render</a> photo-realistic effects without the use of filters.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="2.5D" title="2.5D">2.5D</a></div>

<p>Some <a href="Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a> use <a href="2.5D" title="2.5D">2.5D</a> graphics, involving restricted projections of three-dimensional environments, such as <a href="Isometric_video_game_graphics" title="Isometric video game graphics">isometric graphics</a> or <a href="Virtual_camera_system#Fixed" title="Virtual camera system">virtual cameras with fixed angles</a>, either as a way to improve performance of the <a href="Game_engine" title="Game engine">game engine</a> or for stylistic and gameplay concerns. By contrast, games using 3D computer graphics without such restrictions are said to use true 3D.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_forms_of_animation">Other forms of animation</h3></div>

<p><a href="Cutout_animation" title="Cutout animation">Cutout</a> is the use of flat materials such as paper. Everything is cut out of paper including the environment, characters, and even some props. An example of this is <a href="Paper_Mario" title="Paper Mario">Paper Mario</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Silhouette_animation" title="Silhouette animation">Silhouette</a> is similar to cutouts except they are one solid color, black. <a href="Limbo_(video_game)" title="Limbo (video game)">Limbo</a> is an example of this.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Puppet_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet animation">Puppets</a> are dolls and different puppets used in the game. An example of this would be <a href="Yoshi's_Woolly_World" title="Yoshi's Woolly World">Yoshi's Wooly World</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Pixelation" title="Pixelation">Pixelation</a> is when the entire game appears pixelated, this includes the characters and the environment around them. One example of this is seen in <a href="Shovel_Knight" title="Shovel Knight">Shovel Knight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a> (GPU)</li>

<li><a href="List_of_3D_computer_graphics_software" title="List of 3D computer graphics software">List of 3D computer graphics software</a></li>

<li><a href="3D_data_acquisition_and_object_reconstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="3D data acquisition and object reconstruction">3D data acquisition and object reconstruction</a></li>

<li><a href="3D_projection" title="3D projection">3D projection on 2D planes</a></li>

<li><a href="Geometry_processing" title="Geometry processing">Geometry processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Isometric_graphics_in_video_games_and_pixel_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Isometric graphics in video games and pixel art">Isometric graphics in video games and pixel art</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_stereoscopic_video_games" title="List of stereoscopic video games">List of stereoscopic video games</a></li>

<li><a href="Medical_animation" title="Medical animation">Medical animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Render_farm" title="Render farm">Render farm</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFFoleyvan_DamFeinerHughes2013" class="citation book cs1">Foley, James D.; van Dam, Andries; Feiner, Steven K.; Hughes, John F. (2013). <i>Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice</i> (3rd ed.). Addison-Wesley. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0321399526</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/3d_computer_graphics.htm">"3D computer graphics"</a>. <i>ScienceDaily</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-19</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080310082944/http://design.osu.edu/carlson/history/timeline.html#1960">"An Historical Timeline of Computer Graphics and Animation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://design.osu.edu/carlson/history/timeline.html#1960">the original</a> on 2008-03-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-22</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comphist.org/computing_history/new_page_6.htm">"Computer Graphics"</a>. <i>Learning Computer History</i>. 5 December 2004.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6orsmFndx_o"><i>Ivan Sutherland Sketchpad Demo 1963</i></a>, 30 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-25</span></span></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-sltrib-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sltrib_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/mobile/53193670-90/film-catmull-computer-animation.html.csp">"Pixar founder's Utah-made <i>Hand</i> added to National Film Registry"</a>. <i><a href="The_Salt_Lake_Tribune" title="The Salt Lake Tribune">The Salt Lake Tribune</a></i>. December 28, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brutaldeluxe.fr/projects/cassettes/japan/">"Brutal Deluxe Software"</a>. <i>www.brutaldeluxe.fr</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005101914/http://www.neoncluster.com/projects-apple2/apple2-jcassettes.html">"Retrieving Japanese Apple II programs"</a>. <i>Projects and Articles</i>. neoncluster.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neoncluster.com/projects-apple2/apple2-jcassettes.html">the original</a> on 2016-10-05.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:03-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGarg2024" class="citation web cs1">Garg, Nitin (2024-11-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brsoftech.com/blog/types-of-3d-animation-and-techniques/">"A Comprehensive Guide on Different Types of 3D Animation"</a>. <i>BR Softech</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-21</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFlynt2019" class="citation web cs1">Flynt, Joseph (2019-08-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://3dinsider.com/vr-history/">"The History of VR: When was it created and who invented it?"</a>. <i>3D Insider</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-21</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSimmons" class="citation web cs1">Simmons, Bruce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215193753/http://www.mathwords.com/n/n_gon.htm">"n-gon"</a>. <i>MathWords</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathwords.com/n/n_gon.htm/">the original</a> on 2018-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-30</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBuss2003" class="citation book cs1">Buss, Samuel R. (2003-05-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1CspAwAAQBAJ&q=3d+computer+graphics+information+books"><i>3D Computer Graphics: A Mathematical Introduction with OpenGL</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-139-44038-7</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/machinima">"Machinima"</a>. <i>Internet Archive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-12</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dummies.com/article/technology/software/design-software/autocad/3d-versus-2d-modeling-methods-252971/">"3D versus 2D Modeling Methods"</a>. <i>Dummies.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-05-08</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div><p><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="side-box side-box-right sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:3D_computer_graphics" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:3D computer graphics">3D computer graphics</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/computer_graphics" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:computer graphics">computer graphics</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070405172134/http://accad.osu.edu/~waynec/history/lessons.html">A Critical History of Computer Graphics and Animation</a> (<a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> copy)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/3dgraphics.htm">How Stuff Works - 3D Graphics</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113123112/http://hem.passagen.se/des/hocg/hocg_1960.htm"><i>History of Computer Graphics</i> series of articles</a> (Wayback Machine copy)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ebr0HNnNNrs">How 3D Works</a> - Explains 3D modeling for an illuminated manuscript</li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Computer_graphics188" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Computer_graphics188" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Computer_graphics_(computer_science)" title="Computer graphics (computer science)">Computer graphics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">Vector graphics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Diffusion_curve" title="Diffusion curve">Diffusion curve</a></li>

<li><a href="Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D graphics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alpha_compositing" title="Alpha compositing">Alpha compositing</a></li>

<li><a href="Layers_(digital_image_editing)" title="Layers (digital image editing)">Layers</a></li>

<li><a href="Text-to-image_model" title="Text-to-image model">Text-to-image</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="2.5D8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="2.5D" title="2.5D">2.5D</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Isometric_video_game_graphics" title="Isometric video game graphics">Isometric graphics</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallax_scrolling" title="Parallax scrolling">Parallax scrolling</a></li>

<li><a href="Ray_casting" title="Ray casting">Ray casting</a></li>

<li><a href="Skybox_(video_games)" title="Skybox (video games)">Skybox</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="3D_projection" title="3D projection">3D projection</a></li>

<li><a href="3D_rendering" title="3D rendering">3D rendering</a></li>

<li>(<a href="Image-based_modeling_and_rendering" title="Image-based modeling and rendering">Image-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Spectral_rendering" title="Spectral rendering">Spectral</a></li>

<li><a href="Unbiased_rendering" title="Unbiased rendering">Unbiased</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Aliasing" title="Aliasing">Aliasing</a></li>

<li><a href="Anisotropic_filtering" title="Anisotropic filtering">Anisotropic filtering</a></li>

<li><a href="Cel_shading" title="Cel shading">Cel shading</a></li>

<li><a href="Fluid_animation" title="Fluid animation">Fluid animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_graphics_lighting" title="Computer graphics lighting">Lighting</a>

<ul><li><a href="Global_illumination" title="Global illumination">Global illumination</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hidden-surface_determination" title="Hidden-surface determination">Hidden-surface determination</a></li>

<li><a href="Polygon_mesh" title="Polygon mesh">Polygon mesh</a></li>

<li>(<a href="Triangle_mesh" title="Triangle mesh">Triangle mesh</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Shading" title="Shading">Shading</a>

<ul><li><a href="Deferred_shading" title="Deferred shading">Deferred</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Surface_triangulation" title="Surface triangulation">Surface triangulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Wire-frame_model" title="Wire-frame model">Wire-frame model</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Affine_transformation" title="Affine transformation">Affine transformation</a></li>

<li><a href="Back-face_culling" title="Back-face culling">Back-face culling</a></li>

<li><a href="Clipping_(computer_graphics)" title="Clipping (computer graphics)">Clipping</a></li>

<li><a href="Collision_detection" title="Collision detection">Collision detection</a></li>

<li><a href="Planar_projection" title="Planar projection">Planar projection</a></li>

<li><a href="Reflection_(computer_graphics)" title="Reflection (computer graphics)">Reflection</a></li>

<li><a href="Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">Rendering</a>

<ul><li><a href="Beam_tracing" title="Beam tracing">Beam tracing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cone_tracing" title="Cone tracing">Cone tracing</a></li>

<li><a href="Checkerboard_rendering" title="Checkerboard rendering">Checkerboard rendering</a></li>

<li><a href="Ray_tracing_(graphics)" title="Ray tracing (graphics)">Ray tracing</a></li>

<li><a href="Path_tracing" title="Path tracing">Path tracing</a></li>

<li><a href="Ray_casting" title="Ray casting">Ray casting</a></li>

<li><a href="Scanline_rendering" title="Scanline rendering">Scanline rendering</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rotation_(mathematics)" title="Rotation (mathematics)">Rotation</a></li>

<li><a href="Scaling_(geometry)" title="Scaling (geometry)">Scaling</a></li>

<li><a href="Shadow_mapping" title="Shadow mapping">Shadow mapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Shadow_volume" title="Shadow volume">Shadow volume</a></li>

<li><a href="Shear_matrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Shear matrix">Shear matrix</a></li>

<li><a href="Shader" title="Shader">Shader</a></li>

<li><a href="Texel_(graphics)" title="Texel (graphics)">Texel</a></li>

<li><a href="Translation_(geometry)" title="Translation (geometry)">Translation</a></li>

<li><a href="Volume_rendering" title="Volume rendering">Volume rendering</a></li>

<li><a href="Voxel" title="Voxel">Voxel</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Graphics_software" title="Graphics software">Graphics software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_3D_computer_graphics_software" title="List of 3D computer graphics software">3D computer graphics software</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_3D_animation_software" title="List of 3D animation software">animation</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_3D_modeling_software" title="List of 3D modeling software">modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_3D_rendering_software" title="List of 3D rendering software">rendering</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Raster_graphics_editor" title="Raster graphics editor">Raster graphics editors</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_vector_graphics_editors" title="Comparison of vector graphics editors">Vector graphics editors</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Algorithms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_computer_graphics_algorithms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of computer graphics algorithms">List of computer graphics algorithms</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Animation_topics352" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Animation_topics352" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Azerbaijani_animation" title="Azerbaijani animation">Azerbaijan</a></li>

<li><a href="Bangladeshi_animation" title="Bangladeshi animation">Bangladesh</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhutanese_animation" title="Bhutanese animation">Bhutan</a></li>

<li><a href="Brazilian_animation" title="Brazilian animation">Brazil</a></li>

<li><a href="British_animation" title="British animation">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Canadian_animation" title="History of Canadian animation">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_animation" title="Chinese animation">China</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_Chinese_animation" title="History of Chinese animation">history</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Czech_animation" title="Czech animation">Czechia</a></li>

<li><a href="Estonian_animation" title="Estonian animation">Estonia</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_French_animation" title="History of French animation">France</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Hungarian_animation" title="History of Hungarian animation">Hungary</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_animation_industry" title="Indian animation industry">India</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_animation_in_India" title="History of animation in India">history</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anime" title="Anime">Japan</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_anime" title="History of anime">history</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Korea

<ul><li><a href="North_Korean_animation" title="North Korean animation">North</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Korean_animation" title="South Korean animation">South</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Korean_animation" title="History of Korean animation">history</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Latvian_animation" title="Latvian animation">Latvia</a></li>

<li><a href="Malaysian_animation" title="Malaysian animation">Malaysia</a></li>

<li><a href="Mexican_animation" title="Mexican animation">Mexico</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Korean_animation" title="North Korean animation">North Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="Filipino_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino animation">Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="Portuguese_animation" title="Portuguese animation">Portugal</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanian_animation" title="Romanian animation">Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Russian_animation" title="History of Russian animation">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Animation_industry_in_South_Africa" title="Animation industry in South Africa">South Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_animation" title="Spanish animation">Spain</a></li>

<li><a href="Taiwanese_animation" title="Taiwanese animation">Taiwan</a></li>

<li><a href="Thai_animation" title="Thai animation">Thailand</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukrainian_animation" title="Ukrainian animation">Ukraine</a></li>

<li><a href="American_animation" title="American animation">United States</a>

<ul><li><a href="Animation_in_the_United_States_during_the_silent_era" title="Animation in the United States during the silent era">Silent Era</a></li>

<li><a href="Golden_age_of_American_animation" title="Golden age of American animation">The Golden Age</a></li>

<li><a href="World_War_II_and_American_animation" title="World War II and American animation">World War II</a></li>

<li><a href="Animation_in_the_United_States_in_the_television_era" title="Animation in the United States in the television era">Early TV broadcast era</a></li>

<li><a href="Modern_animation_in_the_United_States" title="Modern animation in the United States">Modern TV cable and streaming era</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vietnamese_animation" title="Vietnamese animation">Vietnam</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Animator" title="Animator">Animator</a>

<li><a href="Animation_department" title="Animation department">Animation department</a></li>

<li><a href="Animation_director" title="Animation director">Animation director</a></li>

<li><a href="Story_artist" title="Story artist">Story artist</a></li>

<li><a href="Animation_studio" title="Animation studio">Animation studios</a>

<li><a href="Animation_database" title="Animation database">Animation database</a></li>

<li><a href="Art_pipeline" title="Art pipeline">Art pipeline</a></li>

<li>Biologist simulators</li>

<li>Animation film festivals

<ul><li><a href="List_of_international_animation_festivals" title="List of international animation festivals">international</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_regional_animation_festivals" title="List of regional animation festivals">regional</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_highest-grossing_animated_films" title="List of highest-grossing animated films">Highest-grossing films</a> (<a href="List_of_highest-grossing_openings_for_animated_films" title="List of highest-grossing openings for animated films">Opening weekends</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Outsourcing_of_animation" title="Outsourcing of animation">Outsourcing</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Animation_Day" title="International Animation Day">International Animation Day</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Films

<ul><li><a href="List_of_computer-animated_films" title="List of computer-animated films">Computer-animated</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_animated_films" title="Lists of animated films">Feature-length</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_lost_or_unfinished_animated_films" title="List of lost or unfinished animated films">Lost or unfinished</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_animated_package_films" title="List of animated package films">Package</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_animated_short_films" title="List of animated short films">Short</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_animated_short_series" class="mw-redirect" title="List of animated short series">Short series</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_stop_motion_films" title="List of stop motion films">Stop-motion</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_adult_animated_feature_films" title="List of adult animated feature films">Adult animated films</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_children's_animated_films" title="List of children's animated films">Children's animated films</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Animated_series" title="Animated series">Series</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_adult_animated_television_series" title="List of adult animated television series">Adult animated</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_children's_animated_television_series" title="List of children's animated television series">Children's animated</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_computer-animated_television_series" title="List of computer-animated television series">Computer-animated</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_animated_direct-to-video_series" title="List of animated direct-to-video series">Direct-to-video</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Flash_animated_television_series" title="List of Flash animated television series">Flash</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_animated_Internet_series" title="List of animated Internet series">Internet</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_animated_television_series" title="Lists of animated television series">Television</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Barrier-grid_animation_and_stereography" title="Barrier-grid animation and stereography">Barrier-grid and stereography</a></li>

<li><a href="Limited_animation" title="Limited animation">Limited animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Masking_(art)" title="Masking (art)">Masking</a></li>

<li><a href="Rotoscoping" title="Rotoscoping">Rotoscoping</a></li>

<li><a href="Exposure_sheet" title="Exposure sheet">Exposure sheet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop motion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Claymation" title="Claymation">Claymation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Clay_painting" title="Clay painting">clay painting</a>, <a href="Strata-cut_animation" title="Strata-cut animation">strata-cut</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cutout_animation" title="Cutout animation">Cutout</a> (<a href="Silhouette_animation" title="Silhouette animation">silhouette</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Graphic_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic animation">Graphic</a></li>

<li><a href="Model_animation" title="Model animation">Model</a>

<ul><li><a href="Go_motion" title="Go motion">go motion</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Object_animation" title="Object animation">Object</a>

<ul><li><a href="Brickfilm" title="Brickfilm">Brickfilm</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pixilation" title="Pixilation">Pixilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Puppetoons" title="Puppetoons">Puppetoons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Flash_animation" title="Flash animation">Flash</a></li>

<li><a href="PowerPoint_animation" title="PowerPoint animation">PowerPoint</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-sketch" title="Multi-sketch">Multi-sketch</a></li>

<li><a href="Onion_skinning" title="Onion skinning">Onion skinning</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Cel_shading" title="Cel shading">Cel shading</a></li>

<li><a href="Crowd_simulation" title="Crowd simulation">Crowd</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_facial_animation" title="Computer facial animation">Facial animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Morph_target_animation" title="Morph target animation">Morph target</a></li>

<li><a href="Motion_capture" title="Motion capture">Motion capture</a>

<ul><li><a href="Facial_motion_capture" title="Facial motion capture">facial</a></li>

<li><a href="Finger_tracking" title="Finger tracking">hand tracking</a></li>

<li><a href="Eye_tracking" title="Eye tracking">eye tracking</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Non-photorealistic_rendering" title="Non-photorealistic rendering">Non-photorealistic rendering</a></li>

<li><a href="Physically_based_animation" title="Physically based animation">Physically based animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Procedural_animation" title="Procedural animation">Procedural</a></li>

<li><a href="Skeletal_animation" title="Skeletal animation">Skeletal</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_cinematography" title="Virtual cinematography">Virtual cinematography</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Puppetry" title="Puppetry">Puppetry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Puppet" title="Puppet">Traditional puppetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_puppetry" title="Digital puppetry">Digital puppetry</a>

<ul><li><a href="Machinima" title="Machinima">Machinima</a></li>

<li><a href="Aniforms" title="Aniforms">Aniforms</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_human" title="Virtual human">Virtual human</a></li>

<li><a href="Supermarionation" title="Supermarionation">Supermarionation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mechanics" title="Mechanics">Mechanical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Audio-Animatronics" title="Audio-Animatronics">Audio-Animatronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Linear_alternator" title="Linear alternator">Linear Animation Generator</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Direct_manipulation_animation" title="Direct manipulation animation">Direct manipulation animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Humanoid_animation" title="Humanoid animation">Humanoid animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Idle_animation" title="Idle animation">Idle animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Ink-wash_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ink-wash animation">Ink-wash animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Magic_lantern" title="Magic lantern">Magic Lantern</a></li>

<li><a href="Scanimate" title="Scanimate">Scanimate</a></li>

<li><a href="Shadowmation" title="Shadowmation">Shadowmation</a></li>

<li><a href="Squigglevision" title="Squigglevision">Squigglevision</a></li>

<li><a href="Whiteboard_animation" title="Whiteboard animation">Whiteboard animation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blocking_(animation)" title="Blocking (animation)">Blocking</a></li>

<li><a href="Character_animation" title="Character animation">Character animation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Model_sheet" title="Model sheet">model sheet</a></li>

<li><a href="Walk_cycle" title="Walk cycle">walk cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Off-model" title="Off-model">off-model</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chuckimation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuckimation">Chuckimation</a></li>

<li><a href="Drawn-on-film_animation" title="Drawn-on-film animation">Drawn-on-film</a></li>

<li><a href="Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Erasure animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">Hydrotechnics</a></li>

<li><a href="Inbetweening" title="Inbetweening">Inbetweening</a></li>

<li><a href="Morphing" title="Morphing">Morphing</a></li>

<li><a href="Paint-on-glass_animation" title="Paint-on-glass animation">Paint-on-glass</a></li>

<li><a href="Pinscreen_animation" title="Pinscreen animation">Pinscreen</a></li>

<li><a href="Pixel_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixel artist">Pixel art</a></li>

<li><a href="Straight_ahead_animation" title="Straight ahead animation">Straight ahead</a></li>

<li><a href="Rubber_hose_animation" title="Rubber hose animation">Rubber hose</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Special effects">Special effects</a></li>

<li><a href="Syncro-Vox" title="Syncro-Vox">Syncro-Vox</a></li>

<li><a href="Zoetrope" title="Zoetrope">Zoetrope</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Experimental_animation" title="Experimental animation">Abstract animation</a> (<a href="Visual_music" title="Visual music">visual music</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Adult_animation" title="Adult animation">Adult animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Animated cartoon</a></li>

<li><a href="Animated_sitcom" title="Animated sitcom">Animated sitcom</a></li>

<li><a href="Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated documentary</a></li>

<li><a href="Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anime-influenced_animation" title="Anime-influenced animation">influenced</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Educational_animation" title="Educational animation">Educational animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Erotic_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Erotic animation">Erotic animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Independent_animation" title="Independent animation">Independent animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Instructional_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Instructional animation">Instructional animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_newscaster" title="Virtual newscaster">Virtual newscaster</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_animation" title="History of animation">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Early_history_of_animation" title="Early history of animation">Early history</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_computer_animation" title="History of computer animation">History of computer animation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_computer_animation_in_film_and_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of computer animation in film and television">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Animation_music" title="Animation music">Animation music</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bouncing_ball_(music)" title="Bouncing ball (music)">Bouncing ball</a></li>

<li><a href="Mickey_Mousing" title="Mickey Mousing">Mickey Mousing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Key_frame" title="Key frame">Key frame</a></li>

<li><a href="Character_animation" title="Character animation">Character animation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Model_sheet" title="Model sheet">model sheet</a></li>

<li><a href="Walk_cycle" title="Walk cycle">walk cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Off-model" title="Off-model">off-model</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Creature_animation" title="Creature animation">Creature animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Twelve_basic_principles_of_animation" title="Twelve basic principles of animation">Twelve basic principles</a></li>

<li><a href="Motion_comic" title="Motion comic">Motion comic</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">Films with live action and animation</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_highest-grossing_live-action/animated_films" title="List of highest-grossing live-action/animated films">highest grossing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cartoon" title="Cartoon">Cartoon</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cartoon_physics" title="Cartoon physics">physics</a></li>

<li><a href="Cartoon_violence" title="Cartoon violence">violence</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_most_expensive_animated_films" title="List of most expensive animated films">Most expensive animated films</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_animated_films_by_box_office_admissions" title="List of animated films by box office admissions">List of animated films by box office admissions</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_animated_television_series_by_episode_count" title="List of animated television series by episode count">List of animated television series by episode count</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Portal%3AAnimation" title="Portal:Animation">Portal</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_animation" title="Outline of animation">Outline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="3D_computer_graphics_software609" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="3D_computer_graphics_software609" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> software</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="3D_Movie_Maker" title="3D Movie Maker">3D Movie Maker</a></li>

<li><a href="Blender_(software)" title="Blender (software)">Blender</a></li>

<li><a href="CloudCompare" title="CloudCompare">CloudCompare</a></li>

<li><a href="FreeCAD" title="FreeCAD">FreeCAD</a></li>

<li><a href="GigaMesh_Software_Framework" title="GigaMesh Software Framework">GigaMesh Software Framework</a></li>

<li><a href="LuxCoreRender" title="LuxCoreRender">LuxCoreRender</a></li>

<li><a href="MakeHuman" title="MakeHuman">MakeHuman</a></li>

<li><a href="MeshLab" title="MeshLab">MeshLab</a></li>

<li><a href="MoonRay" title="MoonRay">MoonRay</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenFX_(software)" title="OpenFX (software)">OpenFX</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenSCAD" title="OpenSCAD">OpenSCAD</a></li>

<li><a href="Point_Cloud_Library" title="Point Cloud Library">Point Cloud Library</a></li>

<li><a href="Seamless3d" title="Seamless3d">Seamless3d</a></li>

<li><a href="Sweet_Home_3D" title="Sweet Home 3D">Sweet Home 3D</a></li>

<li><a href="Wings_3D" title="Wings 3D">Wings 3D</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Closed-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed-source">Closed-source</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Arnold_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold (software)">Arnold</a></li>

<li><a href="Autodesk_3ds_Max" title="Autodesk 3ds Max">Autodesk 3ds Max</a></li>

<li><a href="Autodesk_Alias" title="Autodesk Alias">Autodesk Alias</a></li>

<li><a href="Autodesk_Maya" title="Autodesk Maya">Autodesk Maya</a></li>

<li><a href="Autodesk_Mudbox" title="Autodesk Mudbox">Autodesk Mudbox</a></li>

<li><a href="Blackmagic_Fusion" title="Blackmagic Fusion">Blackmagic Fusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Bryce_(software)" title="Bryce (software)">Bryce</a></li>

<li><a href="Carrara_(software)" title="Carrara (software)">Carrara</a></li>

<li><a href="Cinema_4D" title="Cinema 4D">Cinema 4D</a></li>

<li><a href="Clara.io" title="Clara.io">Clara.io</a></li>

<li><a href="Daz_Studio" title="Daz Studio">Daz Studio</a></li>

<li><a href="Electric_Image_Animation_System" title="Electric Image Animation System">Electric Image Animation System</a></li>

<li><a href="Golaem_Crowd" title="Golaem Crowd">Golaem Crowd</a></li>

<li><a href="Hexagon_(software)" title="Hexagon (software)">Hexagon</a></li>

<li><a href="Houdini_(software)" title="Houdini (software)">Houdini</a></li>

<li><a href="Kerkythea" title="Kerkythea">Kerkythea</a></li>

<li><a href="LightWave_3D" title="LightWave 3D">LightWave 3D</a></li>

<li><a href="MASSIVE_(software)" title="MASSIVE (software)">MASSIVE</a></li>

<li><a href="Oculus_Medium" title="Oculus Medium">Medium by Adobe</a></li>

<li><a href="Messiah_(software)" title="Messiah (software)">Messiah</a></li>

<li><a href="Octane_Render" title="Octane Render">Octane Render</a></li>

<li><a href="Paint_3D" title="Paint 3D">Paint 3D</a></li>

<li><a href="Presto_(animation_software)" title="Presto (animation software)">Pixar Presto</a></li>

<li><a href="Pixar_RenderMan" title="Pixar RenderMan">Pixar RenderMan</a></li>

<li><a href="Poser_(software)" title="Poser (software)">Poser</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhinoceros_3D" title="Rhinoceros 3D">Rhinoceros 3D</a></li>

<li><a href="Shade_3D" title="Shade 3D">Shade 3D</a></li>

<li><a href="Shark_3D" title="Shark 3D">Shark 3D</a></li>

<li><a href="SketchUp" title="SketchUp">SketchUp</a></li>

<li><a href="Source_Filmmaker" title="Source Filmmaker">Source Filmmaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Strata_3D" title="Strata 3D">Strata 3D</a></li>

<li><a href="Terragen" title="Terragen">Terragen</a></li>

<li><a href="ZBrush" title="ZBrush">ZBrush</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amapi" title="Amapi">Amapi</a></li>

<li><a href="Autodesk_Softimage" title="Autodesk Softimage">Autodesk Softimage</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyber_Studio" title="Cyber Studio">Cyber Studio CAD-3D</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamation_(software)" title="Dynamation (software)">Dynamation</a></li>

<li><a href="Imagine_(3D_modeling_software)" title="Imagine (3D modeling software)">Imagine</a></li>

<li><a href="N-World" title="N-World">N-World</a></li>

<li><a href="PowerAnimator" title="PowerAnimator">PowerAnimator</a></li>

<li><a href="Sculpt_3D" title="Sculpt 3D">Sculpt 3D</a></li>

<li><a href="Softimage_3D" title="Softimage 3D">Softimage 3D</a></li>

<li><a href="StrataVision_3D" title="StrataVision 3D">StrataVision 3D</a></li>

<li><a href="Swift_3D" title="Swift 3D">Swift 3D</a></li>

<li><a href="TrueSpace" title="TrueSpace">TrueSpace</a></li>

<li><a href="TurboSilver" title="TurboSilver">TurboSilver</a></li>

<li><a href="VistaPro" title="VistaPro">VistaPro</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="HOOPS_3D_Graphics_System" class="mw-redirect" title="HOOPS 3D Graphics System">HOOPS 3D</a></li>

<li><a href="KernelCAD" class="mw-redirect" title="KernelCAD">KernelCAD</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Cascade_Technology" title="Open Cascade Technology">Open Cascade Technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Parasolid" title="Parasolid">Parasolid</a></li>

<li><a href="Romulus_(modelling_kernel)" title="Romulus (modelling kernel)">Romulus</a></li>

<li><a href="ShapeManager" title="ShapeManager">ShapeManager</a></li>

<li><a href="Teigha" class="mw-redirect" title="Teigha">Teigha</a></li>

<li><a href="IntelliCAD" title="IntelliCAD">IntelliCAD</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"></span></span> <a href="Comparison_of_3D_computer_graphics_software" title="Comparison of 3D computer graphics software">Comparison</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_3D_modeling_software" title="List of 3D modeling software">3D modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_3D_rendering_software" title="List of 3D rendering software">3D rendering</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1067" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authority control databases: National </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="三次元コンピュータグラフィックス"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/031828855">Japan</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="コンピュータグラフィックス"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566593">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="trojrozměrná grafika"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph126750&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://professional3dservices.com/blog/3d-computer-graphics.html">"A Beginner's Guide to the Concept of 3D in Computer Graphics"</a>. <i>ThePro3DStudio</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-22</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-09" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=3D_computer_graphics&oldid=1299607921">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>